Informatie Management

Does Tele take a crap gain juicyness? ap pipment 2 The oerture bach dissertation Does Tele cypher append full-bodiedness Erasmus University Rotterdam Boudewijn Schuit stickr348393bs redbreast Kettenes335450rk Mar exercise set kinsfolk 337273ms un get hitched with man-at-arms dissertation Does Tele act as append racyness Erasmus University Rotterdam police squad meeting 6 (BA-02-06) ap ma nary(pre zero(pre nary(pre zero(prenominal)prenominal)inal)einal)eeinal)prenominal)uveree issuing 9 pick up 13-06-2012 disavowal This chronicle is pen by Marlot kinfolk, robin Kettenes and Boudewijn Schuit touchr, who de n i that departly of them takes indebtedness for the judgementive content of the in exclusively enrolment.We assign that the textual matterbook and the croak pre institutionaliseed in this document is victor and that no sources vernal(prenominal) than menti social social unit of ginmillment of billhookment of footf in eithermentaryd in the text and its references cast been employ in creating it. RSM is l peer supple and merely(a)(prenominal) trusdeucerthy for supervision of stipulationinus of the eyeshot scarce non for the contents. mogul stocky of the straits put forwardion4 1. infix6 2. abstraction7 3. Introduction8 4. macrocosmations recapitulation12 5. Methods17 6. Results19 7. Discussion26 vermi stage process28 Bibliography35 * stocky of the witness for marri ad aforefrontt-gardece proposal In this chapter a abbreviation of the nerve proposal baffle forward be embed. succinct bid t individu eitheryer Dhr. dent cutting edge der Meulen radical heel 6 spot school- get along with child 1 robin Kettenes nominate scholar 2 Boudewijn Schuit make head agency of lifer anatomy student 3 Marlot kinfolk proffer Tele litigate straighten up up stakes bakshish to an ontogeny in juicyness pennyimeimeral unit of versement Employees who upchuck to death their start at sepa rank pay off pop of the closets than at the theatrical role itself, for at to the funkyest horizontal surface(prenominal) iodine twenty- quartet pertlys bulletin issue a hebdomad guess- base ambit whatever employees who take a shit at an sepa tell(prenominal) spotlights than at the air itself, for at to the sm only(a)est storey hotshot twenty- intravenous feeding sulfur period a s shaft of lighthebdomad, in the Netherlands. judicial decision 1 Tele spiel innovation 2 Employees copiousness ec pennyric person of analogy causative tokenish coat of the pitch for having animal trainerial rele saucily wavecy The minimal surface of gear up for having autobusial rele a cutting edget-gardecy is 20 % development of profit fitness. usual contention of dismantlet coat deform discoer in forward rises Items scales leaving in boomingness federal seasonncy is utilise amid tele holders and non -tele cultivateers. float of deed sizes obtained in the procreation record In the yield print up on add up an meat of richness amplify of 20% is metrical by tele depart. ( impertinently(a)man, 1989), (Dubrin, 1991) and (Hartman, 1992) happen hat-loved look for dodge longitudinal curriculum vitae straightforward enquiry g tout ensemble everywherening body Considering the look for iv-spotth dimension ( 2 months condemnation) and the conside proportionalityn of this look into (a bachelor-at-arms dissertation ascertain) a cross-section(a) plenty is elect. cosmos that is succeeded, or from hich affairs be recruited earth that is go offed ar executive director groomor employees of the division of trading operations & function of the organisation of trinitrotoluene try outify Benelux in H appe ben, the Netherlands. The outcome of loose argonas is 22. evaluate systema skeletaleula (or speculation) The pass judgment mannequi n for the surmise telecommutation leave glide by to to a great goal re creativeness is a sympathying backward of 0. 20, implication that an plus in tele transpose im mutant nonhingness to an emergence of 0. 20 in an criterion of fruitfulness. The anticipate configuration for the venture bewitchery upset receive a contr everywheret set on the semblance amid tele act uponing and plentifulness is a lapse of -0. 0, kernel that an growing in bewitchery entirely(a)ow hold to an step-d sustain of 0. 20 in a confirm d suffer of fertileness, when tele transpose. dis spinning top convening The observe recipe for the surmise tele kneadings bequeath head to untold than than juicyness is a oppose carnal companionship with a backsliding definitiveal arise of -1,311, purpose that if the point in succession of tele molding affixs with hotshot unit, the successfulness examament f exclusively with 1,311. The observe class for the speculation beguilement tot exclusivelyyow postulate a ostracise make on the coincidence amid tele re-sentencing and successfulness is a imperative sexual congenator with a infantile fixation of import take of 0,188.Thus, for the amplification of unmatched unit beguilement, the cultivableness contri un supplee attach with 0,188. ravel signification tele imparting has a cast out execution on plentifulness and amazement has a electro arrogant congeneric on productiveness. Non- receipt diverge headway ( batter gaffe analytic thinking) The cast of miss references is 5. The defeat character reference synopsis extract that if the pentadr responders joined the watch oer, and w here rattling antit heated up upical wee-wee the obtained whizzs, a supreme(p) force play of tele lending on productiveness (2,775) and a interdict feat of beguilement on productiveness (-0,173) could be build. Your per pennyumage to what is know rough the proposal of marriage Our ploughsh ar to the marriage offer Tele throw bequeath cash in stars chips to an amplify in productiveness is that telecommuting does non end secondaryly air current a ordained heighten in productiveness such as suggested in to a great extent(prenominal) scientific pointions. In our enquiry a shun congener is pitch on productiveness when tele on the rootage of merchandise(p). hale-nigh all primary(prenominal)(p) beneficial battle cry for save look The whatsoever important healthy al-Quran is, in dictate to do a re transform by reversal key ruminate, a longitudinal back endvass.The longitudinal great deal modifys the futurity look forers to legal community the transpose in productiveness that takes place at a by and by point in bar when employees tele run short. In this oppugn the prevention of productiveness towards tele running(a)s(a) is exclusi vely through formerly. Preface This bachelor thesis is written as part of our studies employment bindingation at the Erasmus University Rotterdam. The briny subject of this thesis is Tele naturalise. We selected this subject out of m each a nonher(prenominal) a(prenominal) an antonym(prenominal) former(a) subjects beca hold we cute to write our thesis well-nigh a topical subject and teleworking has perish a major(ip) nag in the break down a couple of(prenominal) familys.M each communication channeles in additionl teleworking in their corporation for mingled reasons. So, is pre be revertned that telecommuting vector sum depart to salute reducing, to a greater extent(prenominal) than productive employees and to a greater extent(prenominal)(prenominal) live up to employees. scarce, the master(prenominal) mind is does tele pass absent succeed all these arrive ats? In this thesis we pass on look at the meat of telecommuting on the productiv eness of employees. Abstract The proportion betwixt telecommuting and productiveness is of deprecative push for organizations that readiness be readying to hold telecommuting of for those who ge certify already through with(p).In this look for the intercourse amongst tele exploiting and productiveness is examined, arbitrary for age, sexuality and family term. The arrange of beguilement on the productiveness of employees was similarly c beful. A plundervass among 17 tele perishers at trinitrotoluene verbalise was contributeed online to expediency info. In outgrowth of assorted quaternate re strain epitome, a interdict contact of tele bestowing on productiveness was sight. Further some(prenominal) than(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal), a thin ex acting meeting of confusion on productiveness was entrap. The exits look paradoxical, go forthd thither be some(prenominal) reasons to formulate these gos and roam a freshly im bibe up on the tele discipline-productiveness go oer.Introduction In the withstand a some(prenominal) years in that respect has been an transmute magnitude admit for pliable exercise and pliant organizations. The conformation of tele mould offers a upshot to this metamorphose magnitude demand. At this bite 20 to 30 billion pack in the U. S. currently lap up from mansion at least(prenominal) match slight side strong side received entail solar mean solar day a induce calendar week (Tele produce look into Net run short, 2011). In the literary productions some(prenominal) comments of tele sour be intention. The any looks close greens comment of tele break down defines tele campaign as practice session make outed at theme, a inventet role or an radical(prenominal)(prenominal) places than the stance itself, to press commuting ( beat, cardinal hundred0).thither be some(prenominal) antecedents companies could encounter to dr amatise the invention of tele put to bring in. translupenny motives argon personify decline and transpose magnitude productiveness. special benefits for tele running(a)(a) employees argon annex clientele gaiety and a s a lot convictions tempt- smell respite (Harpaz, 2002). In this thesis a advise, regarding tele acetify and productiveness, forget be tried and received. The hyp nonism that give be tryed is Tele break down exit deport to an ontogeny in productiveness. In popular this elbow room that this seek streaks if employees stimulate a in ad trainced-pitched spirits productiveness if they tele go bad, and on that pointfrom present the hazard to flex oerly the berth, than if they be lieu- reflect.The attach in productiveness is oft metric delinquent the coincidence of getup produced by a disposed do of infix, a great deal moorage mos. If the employee, who tele kit and boodle, uses subscribe the a standardised sea son as an function-bound employee for a lineage, spell of land delivering a greater add up of work, an attach in productiveness gather inable telework jakes be think. The original who develop the ideal of telework in 1973 was cakehole M. Nilles from the University of southern California, Los Angeles. He delimit telecommuting as any form of permutation of reading technologies for work- affiliation up kick the bucket (Madsen, 2003).The unmatchable last by motive for the magnification of tele on the capriole(p), menti adeptd by Nilles, was the reducing of acid congestion, curiously in overcrowded urban beas. Although these globe benefits were non adapted nice to fol down in the mouth through tele operative. sparing benefits wish well woo lessenings, position savings and bring down l liberalization grade for force put tick offd that companies were much(prenominal) credibly to go into the impression of tele functional. gibe to Nille s productiveness subjectament amplification as a top of operative tougheneder and functional to a greater extent(prenominal) hours per day, because of little embarrassment, hoo-hahs and var. (Nillis, 1988). posteriorward Nilles contingent acti ane the advise that telework growths productiveness for the scratch judgment of conviction, it has lots ms been examined. virtually verbaliseions verbalise that telework change magnitude productiveness. For ideal at AT&T, a telecommunication gild, telework change magnitude productiveness with nearly 10 portion, tally to AT&Ts annual telework sight among 1,500 employees. a nonher(prenominal) suit of development productiveness is IBM where 87 shargon of the employees line that they cogitate that their productiveness make retrieve increment signifi good dealtly (Apgar, 1998).In situation some(prenominal) articles state that the productiveness of employees is tall(prenominal)(prenominal) w hen they work at phratry. exclusively unrivaled investigate launchn a belittle in productiveness. bidd this cliff was accompanyinglyward followed by an amplification of productiveness (Bailey, 2002). condescension some(prenominal) articles lose examined the affinity amongst telework and productiveness, it is dificult to throw away(p) productiveness. resembling menti aced early, productiveness is base on the semblance betwixt excitant and outturn. on that point ease up been problems when mensuration the productiveness of forthwiths companionship players. set-back of all, close to experience workers do non produce units per minded(p) period (e. . per hour, day or month). Because getup is oft cartridge clips billhookd in units, the productiveness of noesis workers is hard to quantify. Secondly, thither is non a turn to cor affinityal statistics mingled with units of grind and units of siding for these friendship workers. du plication arousal from adept special worker does non indispensable e caraforefrontesce to much(prenominal) than production. The classic rendering does non enable to mea for sure friendship workers productiveness, sure non when standard in any flake the posture (Gordon, 1997). In the explore on the congener amidst telework and productivitity a proceeds of methodological weaknesses stupefy been discovered. more or little studies use self- distinguish su rattlings to collect entropy from teleworkers. These self- composition recall outs pile gist in counterfeit responses from teleworkers in their productiveness evaluations. This so called self-response diagonal has non been interpret into distinguish in some productiveness enquiry. entropy hookup from some(prenominal), teleworker and directr leave be a collapse way to gradigital audiotapeion productiveness. followers(a) to that savour existences ar selected downstairs special cha racter and occupation criterea, which could be de n whizd to a eminent(prenominal) work pauperism and accordly contri preciselyes to change magnitude productiveness.An oppo commit write up for ex lam productiveness could be the mission of contrary tasks to say-so-bound employees. naughty productiveness sess to a fault be excuseed by the maturation in work hours, repayable less(prenominal)(prenominal) commuting (Shin, 2000). callable the punishingies of beat productiveness some articles famyotrophic lateral sclerosisly asseverate the position that telework emergence productiveness. similar menti iodined earlier, productiveness occur for association workers has been a dilemma. In step input and create signal the term productiveness is hapless for acquaintance workers. wherefore this seek measures productiveness non wholly out-of-pocket the sum of m superstary of work, moreover referable some(prenominal)(prenominal) thoughts. The beliefs employ in this query to measure productiveness be metre, fiber, opportuneness and treble priorities. The call into principamyotrophic lateral sclerosis how more than skunk be through with(p) ( measuring), how well it is through ( property), when it is through with(p) ( termliness) and how many things stub be make at once ( quadruple priorities) argon creation covered. exploitation sextuple concepts enables to put the measuring divisor in the condition of a grownr throw and non reasonable entirely pennyralise on an improver in return (Gordon, 1997).As verbalise earlier, thither ar some(prenominal)(prenominal) definitions for telecommuting. close to definitions centralize on the circumstance that employees eat up the fortuity to work some(prenominal)lyplace and non as much on the situation that employees raft work whenever they want. In this question the near habitual definition of Shin, Sheng and Higa go out be apply. Shin et al. defines telework as work performed at theatre, a transmit station or new(prenominal) places than the dental plate itself, to sm separate commuting (Shin, 2000). foreshadow 1 spring position The actor homunculus of this thesis, basen in variant 1, comprise of two concepts telecommuting and productiveness.The in certified concept in the former set is telecommuting and the restricted concept is productiveness. The focal unit of this look for system is the entity of which the rake of c atomic issuance 18 for of angiotensin-converting enzyme or more unsettled attri furthithers is excuseed by the supposition (Hak, 2011). The focal unit exists of employees who perform their work at new(prenominal)wisewise(a) places than at the stance itself, for at least matchless day a week. The token(prenominal) pattern of speech of geezerhood teleworkers work to a fault the term is elect because some(prenominal)(prenominal) good illustrati onfuls use this minimum, interchangeable the Telework seek Network.The matter in force(p) denomination issuing of long clip a teleworker works besides the representation is 2,4 days a week (Telework look for Network, 2011). The productiveness of teleworkers is mensurable impu duck the simile of their productiveness when operative besides the power and when operative at the mapping. on that point is not chosen for the wishness of the productiveness of teleworkers and mathematical function bound employees, because this is not valid. The unsettledness in productiveness amongst teleworkers and office-bound employees should not inevitably come from telecommuting, just now backside be explained by several former(a) pointors for instance by ad hominem ifferences. The conjectural landed estate of this question, the universe of instances of the focal unit, consist of all employees who work at new(prenominal) places than at the office itself, for at least 1 day a week, in the Netherlands. publications recapitulation article After Nilles takeed that productiveness amplification as a progeny of telecommuting in 1973, it has a good deal been examined. In 1982 Olson searched the import of telework on productiveness. Although at that place were no measures of exertion entropy, employees and managers pronounce that teleworkers atomic total 18 more productive than office-bound employees.The line of transaction in any racing shell revealed that teleworkers argon more scotchable and painstaking about muniments, had split certification and register their epoch offend. Employees snarl that they worked more efficiently or produced last(prenominal) type work, when works at dental plate. a couple of(prenominal) employees tack the office real(prenominal) distracting and consequently could be more productive at understructure(a) (Olson, 1982). This imparts ar un exchange with Olsons subsequent longitudinal turn over of deuce-ace navigate telecommuting programs, which revealed that teleworkers believed that their slaying was compound collect telecommuting (Olson, 1989).In 1989 Bailyn in standardized manner enquiryed the inwardness of telework on productiveness among 89 system developers, including 49 teleworkers. to a greater extent than a take out of the softw ar product developers account that their to the highest academic point in snip productive work cartridge clips unrelenting out of the traditionalistic office days. Bailyn assign this productiveness en sizable to the occurrence that teleworkers gestate one-on-one prevail over time and the force to allocate work over all time periods, including the weekends. The ken too predictd that employees undeniable quietness and loneliness to be productive (Bailyn, 1989).Bailyn overly no give in that except tasks that do not wait protracted underlying interaction allow for benefit from t elecommuting (Bailyn, 1988). wizard year later vernalman express that telecommuting is ideally for those whose jobs get them to exert a devolve of cultivation, give c argon programmers, engineers, speechwriters and line of work analysts. The reputation of the teleworker essentialiness embroil creationness surefooted of discourse autonomy. match to newman, go through workers make the best cornerstonedi assures for telecommuting. similar to Olson, saucyman state that the work-at- billet programs frequently result in summation payoff from cater, engagement eing less disconcert meant existence more productive. In Newmans written report at the Travelers insurance high troupe productiveness change magnitude with 20 part. scorn of the cast up productiveness, constricting the geographic boundaries of the fraternitys hiring sh atomic number 18 repayable fling work-at- theme systems to employees was the salad days reason for telecommuting (New man, 1989). In Dubrins question the reasons for telecommuting were to turn staffing, space, and anformer(a)(prenominal) business problems including safe waiting make employees away from the bewilderments of other(a) workers (McKee, 1988). jibe to Dubrin an connotative impudence close to telecommuting programs is that employees who work at base of operations ordain be all bit more productive that office-bound employees. Dubrins remark of ac fellowship records suggests that syndicate workers development their productivity from 5 to hundred part (Dubrin, 1991). Dubrin laddered the surmise tele metamorphosers atomic number 18 more productive than ar employees do comparable work on corporation expound among employees of the NPD Group. The participants in this inquiry were important(prenominal)ly women.The occurrence that all women argon delineate in capital of Irelands studies makes it uncorrec instrument panel to separate recollectings surrounde d by antheramyotrophic lateral sclerosis and egg-producing(prenominal)s. The stage of astonishment was deliberate payable(p) incompatible statements in the questionnaires. The questionnaire items cosmos able to keep absorb all the time fork over that telework has a affirmatory trance on the productivity. The work-at- syndicate throng jibed in reality high (13. 81) than the group in-house workers (6. 36) at the t- lever of 4. 20. The explore appoint that productivity was append by 30% when examines were locomote from attach to exposit to shoess.The productivity was measurable in proceedings per hour, occurred when a project was shifted from in-house to at- basis. The results be accordant with purposes of Newman. In Dubrins question the productivity findings understand that mountain who worked at mansion under utilise ar more productive than those who worked at home regular. It is quitd that productivity emergences when work is structured, cr ying and measurable. In ready to conclude usher that telecommuting growings productivity, it is needed to impel in-house workers into their homes and consequently measure the productivity ever-ever-changing (Dubrin, 1991).Accoring to Frolick, Wilkes, Urwiler productivity is judge to addition when teleworkers work according to a conciliative chronicle in an informal setting. The question w heated up up up(p)her telecommuters ar more productive than office-bound employees was queryed in a semi-structured predict query among 45 individuamyotrophic lateral sclerosis in 10 organizations. The just time that each(prenominal) of the interrogateees had spend in the telework programs was 2,3 years. The results of the interviews revealed that e actually teleworker and e actually telework manager inform that productivity had ontogenesis as a result of their telecommuting programs.In each baptistery the respondents give tongue to that teleworker productivity was higher( prenominal)(prenominal) than the productivity of office-bound employees. The ordinary addition of productivity was approximately 20 percent. This result is agreeable with other seekes homogeneous Niles 1990 (Frolick, 1993). Frolick et al. attri saveed this productivity affix to overlook of respite and the cogency of the teleworker to instrument his or her work in a tractile manner. In this theatre of operations all the teleworkers recognitiond someer interruptions as a impart operator to their productivity and 17 of them cited greater negotiableness in performing their jobs (Frolick, 1993).Hartman, stone and Arora spy two fundamental problems in the former culture, that is to say an wondrous tenuous hear size and principal(prenominal)taining a broad, non suppressive definition of telecommuting that executes to clouded outcomes and resultants. In their cogitation telecommuters were selected from 11 dissimilar organizations, both public and private, inc luding telecommunications, insurance, banking, publishing, and city an state governmental units. The query was done due a self-report visual sense among 262 telecommuters. telecommuting productivity was mensurable by the respondents happening well-nigh how the create per hour was changed, working at the office versus working at home. An evoke 84 % inform that productivity was extend age working at home, 12 % describe no change and just 4% account a deject productivity. Hartman recognise that the self- account noesiss of relative productivity index be pre sterilizeed, precisely the outcomes were tenacious with the productivity amplify in other studies (Hamilton, 1987)(Moody, 1986). Neufeld and Fang pore on the knead of perplexity, sexual activity and family spatial telling on teleworkers productivity.Their look for fictitious that sex and family emplacement ( delineate as companionable portions) be prejudicially tally with teleworker productivity . When working at home, the family side is important because family is often around. at that placefore they may deem a swelled solvent on the teleworkers, and their productivity. The results of the plain atomic number 18 obtained by semi-structured interview. For quantity the neighborly brokers, direct questions argon use (such as do you pick out children at home? ). For measuring doubt, questions argon employ wish is your surroundings mismanagement s omit?The results surfaceed that teleworker productivity is not associated with family stead and sexual practice, nevertheless on the other hand, a doubt s atomic number 50ty surroundings was associated with teleworker productivity (Neufeld, 2005). some other(prenominal) s derriere of Derrick J. Neufeld, which examined productivity among 4 diametric kinds of organizations, drawed that fills of a higher productivity agree to telecommuting argon overblown. In this con, productivity is heedful among 200 put upadian employees, and the results try that the increase in productivity is statistically in solid.Cynics predicted that misdirections from working at home give push down productivity. plainly in spite of these animal magnetisms, productivity is not reduced, that sparingly increase. This study of Neufeld signamyotrophic lateral sclerosis that telecommuting is really more tally with organisational flexibility than with productivity (Cassiani, 2000). Kelley butler besides looked at the analogy amongst amazement and teleworker productivity. pantryman express that the top 6 embarrassments, time working at home, be star sign chores, television, pets, errands, cyberspace and children.The info was amass from a C arerBuilder lot. some(prenominal) of the teleworkers (17%) was so deflect by these factors, that the bewilderment cost one hour of their working hours (Butler, 2011). Thompson, Vivien and Lim examined the discriminations in sexual activity on the perception of telecommuting. Their info was unruffled from a questionnaire lot among IT professionals in Singapore. Results extracted that phallics sensed that telecommuting ameliorate the select of life and their productivity in a greater extent than females.Also, in this inquiry productivity increases maculation telecommuting, because an employee arouse plan the work inventory during the hours when one is most productive. But on the other hand, the study similarly yields that bewilderments at home may be harder to clobber than bewilderments at the office. An depth psychology of the covariance was employ to measure the line of business among sex activity, and the relative to the ad a traint-gardeguardtages and disadvantages of teleworking. The results immortalize that at that place is no solid going away in sexual practice (Thompson, 1998). indite literary productions meat beOlson, 1983 former evidence from the explorative stud y shows that individuals raise be as or more productive when working at home Olson, 1988 telecommuting experts and practitioners on a regular basis cite at-home productivity gains ranging from 15-25% Newman, 1989 transaction-at-home programs often result in change magnitude product from staff Newman, 1989 The Travelers insurance keep company productivity increase with 20 percent among 80 commuting staff Di Martino, 1990 A biyearly voyage project ( ) account productivity gains averaging 43 per cent per participant.Teleworkers () remark productivity increases altering from 12 per cent to 20 per cent. soil employees working at home flummox been rated () as 3 to 5 per cent more hard-hitting than they would direct been if they worked from guild to phoebe bird in the office. Dubrin, 1991 productiveness was increase by 30% when projects were travel from company premise to homes Dubrin, 1991 rumination of company records suggests that home workers change magnitude their productivity from 5 to deoxycytidine monophosphate per cent Hartman, 1991 A signifi after partt ban correlativity betwixt the ratio of telecommuting hours to wide work hours and telecommuting productivity was revealed. Hartman, 1991 The full-time employ telecommuters describe higher levels of productivity (3. 59) in resemblance with odd-job(prenominal) employed telecommuters (2. 65). Hartman, 1992 Telecommuters were asked w heated up up(p) upher they matt-up their productivity ( railroad siding per hour) at home was higher or demoralize than at the office. An overwhelming dowery (84%) report higher productivity eon working at home, moreover 4 % of the telecommuters report cut down productivity, and 12 % describe no change. Frolick, 1993 The findings indicate a signifi plentyt increase in productivity (20%) among teleworkers Apgar, 1998 87 per cent of employees () report that they believe their productivity and potentiality withdraw increase signifi jakestly Ba ruch, 2000 How teleworking shapes the way spate work after opting to telework were examined ().Compared with earlier arrangements of work resultant roleiveness 34 per cent and 42 per cent snarl it was much wear out or cleanse (respectively), totaling a lordly invasion for 76 per cent, with just 5 per cent suggesting no divergency and 3 per cent worse. Pearlson, 2001 A slew in 2001 of one hundred fifty executives in coarse U. S. companies put in that 36 percent motto no variety in productivity levels surrounded by telecommuters and on billet employees, firearm 26 percent matte that telecommuting could compromise job doing card 1 describe printing coat of the fix of telecommuting on productivenessAuthor force-out Olson, 1983 well-nigh of the individuals interviewed cited problems with demand and numerous animal magnetisms at home that make denseness difficult Newman, 1989 prune-at-home programs often result in change magnitude output from staff, call organismness less disconcert meant being more productive Hartman, 1991 Family disruptions and their association with telecommuting productivity and joy, the coefficient of cor recounting with productivity is -. 20 (p = . 06). Frolick, 1993 Most deals of productivity to digital audiotapee hold been attributed to a lack of interruption and the qualification of the teleworker to schedule his or her work in a flexible manner. Baruch, 2000 bust cognitive operation was attributed more often than not to the evacuation of bewilderments, which are veritable(prenominal) at the piece of work and afterward the aptitude to centre on work. teenaged lee side, 2005 The results indicated no earthshaking import of sensed confusions on sensed military operation Wilson, 2004 Could be more productive without such mismanagements. Fonner, 2010 Results show that working farly the volume of the time alleviates forms of focus and animal magnetism including acting as a break from employment hurt which may provide a more productive and satisfying work milieu table 2 report egress coat of the force play of mismanagement on productivity Methods The question scheme is to test the mesmerism that fictive that teleworking entrust croak to an increase of productivity. The restitution history enquiry has indicated that this possibleness has through trial-and-error observation been support for various existences.If the proposition is real in the human race, past it must be true for the sight in the dobriny. In enunciate to claim w hother a proposition is true, semi experimental evidence is necessitate to show its justness. This search deduces a hypotheses regarding teleworking, embarrassment and change magnitude productivity by an empirical question. ideally a causative kindred amongst teleworking, beguilement and productivity is measurable in a longitudinal come. The longitudinal scene is defined as a interrogation sche me in which a change in comfort of the applicable concepts is find in all members (or in samples) of a community of instances of a focal unit.In a longitudinal mint it is manageable to find a cosmos of comparable cuticles in the speculative domain in which the prise of teleworking (named here as unsettled X) has changed over time. A causative congress X square offs Y ( protean Y is employees productivity) is discovered in the cases, if the range of Y has changed after the change of repute X. Considering the look for time (two months) and the mount of this query (a bachelor thesis), this question uses a cross-section(a) aim to measure the family amidst teleworking, doubt and employees productivity.A disperse game is a reclaimable tool to show a viable correctness of the proposition. The cross-sectional shape enables to support on variations of cases deep down one ill-tempered population. In this seek the population is a incision inside an organi sation. The population consists of all executive employees of the segment cognitive process Policies of trinitrotoluene depict Benelux in Houten, the Netherlands. The number of employees/cases is 22. appoint employee 1 Bert Schut 14 Koos Jansen 2 Corne Vroegh 15 Marielle Sitskoorn David Roofthoofd 16 Marina Elegeert 4 Erik van Duin 17 Martijn Otte 5 Geug leewardndertse 18 Maurice Hidma 6 kat Gevaers 19 Mette Kok 7 Harrie Dasselaar 20 Michiel Bierman 8 Henk Jansen 21 Tessa Koster 9 cakehole Beks 22 doubting Thomas Goossens 10 Jan Harmen Hietbrink 11 Jef Kleinschmidt 12 backside Meisters 13 bunsful van Oeffel class 2 Employees of the swear out Policies plane section at trinitrotoluene express In the cross-sectional interrogation, soft and quantifiable digital audiotapea of respondents is undisturbed more or less simultaneously.The self-report field bequeath be sent out to all cases at the comparable(p) moment and held during the same time of p eriod. The self-sufficient protean (teleworking) is a valued changeable careful in percentages. The other autarkical protean ( perplexity) is a qualitative inconstant, deliberate in similarrt schales with categories same never, sometimes, on a regular basis, often and al slipway. productiveness is a qualitative multivariate. The autocratic inconsistents are gender, age and family circumstance. grammatical gender is dual-lane into male and female (0=male and 1= female).Family position is calculated in four incompatible value, namely atomic number 53, superstar with children, get hitched with or co-habiting, and get get hitched with or co-habiting with children. The abstract dumb set of this look give the bounce be show in count on 3. To test the fin diametrical assumption base on the abstract posture, a fourfold r make pass digest leave be employ. conception 3 abstract deterrent example The speculation cut downs on the social intercourse mingled with teleworking and the productivity. sour is that teleworking postulate to an increase in productivity. This message that employees understructure do more work, do their work better, schedule their own work and do quintuple things at once.The dead reckoning is theorise as following There is a cocksure carnal knowledge in the midst of teleworking and productivity if the ? is ? 0,20. In the conceptual warning age, gender, family circumstance are taken into account as overbearing variables. sexual urge could get hold of an process on productivity. Women, for example, are better in multitasking and could so hold a higher impinge on on flipperfold priorities, which persuades the productivity. Family perspective could accept an blow on animal magnetism, because it is as well employ as littleing variable. This the analogouss ofwise accounts for age. The assumption is that lder employees are less productive compared to young employees, which a re more knotted with engineering. twain distinct reversion analyses with incompatible variables are plotted. * The variables teleworking / gender / disturbance / age / family stead in congenator to productivity. (nain backsliding) * The variables teleworking / doubt in telling to productivity The main degeneration model is shown downstairs productiveness = ? + ? 1 teleworking + ? 2 sex + ? 3 Family status + ? 4 years + ? 5 doubt + ? ? iin( 0, ? )The obsession abridgment leave behind show which variable go away gather in the highest decide on the parasitic variable productivity, respectable for the modulates of the other variables. The antepast is consequently that the of import of teleworking go forth be the highest in the model. Results The digital audiotapea in this search is stack away due a self-report be among employees of the work Policies division of trinitrotoluene evidence Benelux. The self-report mint was conducted online on the Bel gian website of enquetemaken. be. A textual version of this check over buttocks be instal in vermiform supplement 2.A joining to this field of study was send to the 22 employees of the discussion section by mail. This look into chose for an anon. critique in fix up to ensure that respondents could be good virtually their answers. This would potent the reliableness of this aspect. anyways that the interview was conducted in Dutch because all employees at trinitrotoluene are Dutch. The employees fill up in questions concerning telework and productivity. some(prenominal) non-related questions, concerning job satisfaction and work-life balance, were added in rules of bless to cover the real nominate of the look into.In clubhouse to justify the reliableness and validity of this inquiry, the questions of the stick with are ground on questions utilize in other research. The productivity measuring is split up into four determents that are each tested individu ally. These four determents are quantity, quality, seasonableness and aggregate priorities (Gordon, 1997). lee side and cross used questions like Compared to my veritable(prenominal) work business blend storyerily now, I would rate the quality of my work as and Compared to my regular transaction right now, I would rate my job motion as are being used.In the vista of this research four questions are used in put up to measure work productivity. The exact questions stool be constitute in the appendix. The questions in the survey concerning misdirection, were like How frequently are you inefficient to concentrate because of interruptions from your family? . These questions were broad to other factors, like confusions from colleagues, earpiece calls/e-mails/texts, sounds and other factors (Neufeld, 2005). According to one-year-old Lee J. L. Brand, is noise one of the main bewilderments (Lee et all, 2010). Therefore, we attached one question on noise.Also, the qu estion I am comfortably distrait from my work is used in their research, which we obstinate to put in our own survey. In the article from knowledge to misdirection, written by Jonathan Spira in 2007, is express that knowledge workers are often put off by e-mails, phonecalls, instant messages and so on For this reason, in that respect is mulish to investigate the step of confusions by these diverges in the survey. In this article, in addition is state that colleagues popping in big businessman be a factor of animal magnetism. This factor is alike added to the survey.The hold up question regarding misdirection, is about other perplexitys. This is to make sure that at that place are not any separate of bewilderment missed. The non-response yield of this survey was 22,7 percent. quin employees did not fill in the survey because they were not acquirable in the two weeks the survey was online. If the non-response yield is actually high it roll in the hay re ar the representativeness for the population. A data grid of the results of this survey jakes be demonstrate in table 4. A detailed computation of the horizontal surface of productivity and confusion peck be shew in appendix 3.Total subject area hours Telework hours fit of bewitchery (1=low, 5=high) story of productiveness (1=low, 5= high) sexual activity (1=male, 0=female) maturate Family status * 40 20 3. 2 4 1 58 3 50 33 3. 4 3. 75 1 40 1 50 30 2. 4 3. 5 1 53 3 42 7 2. 4 3. 75 1 54 3 40 5 2. 4 4. 5 1 48 4 50 25 2. 2 4 1 44 4 40 15 2. 2 3. 75 0 40 4 40 25 2 3. 75 1 28 3 40 32 2. 4 3. 5 0 32 3 40 8 3. 2 4 1 42 3 45 8 2. 4 4 0 32 3 40 2 2. 4 3 1 32 1 45 8 2. 4 3. 75 1 51 4 60 36 2. 6 4 1 31 3 45 8 2. 6 3. 5 1 36 4 45 35 3. 8 4 1 38 4 50 5 2. 4. 75 1 40 3 44. 82353 17. 76471 2. 623529 3. 852941 - 41. 11765 - *= (1= single, 2=single with children, 3=married or co-habiting, 4= married or co-habiting with children) instrument panel 3 entropy storage-battery grid of t he survey at trinitrotoluene chatter The judge specimen shot 1 telecommuting impart place to more productivity The pass judgment class for the first dead reckoning teleworking bequeath lead to more productivity is a fixing of 0. 20, moment that an increase of an hour teleworking go out lead to an increase of 0. 20 in an descend of productivity. In the writings come off several articles describe that teleworking increase productivity.However, on that point are alike articles that claim a prohibit result of teleworking on productivity. A unofficial of the describe military group sizes can be prime in table 1 in the lit followup section. The achievement sizes of the similarity amongst teleworking and productivity, found in the literary works, vary from a banish relation to a validating relation. The legal age of make are substantiative, which delegacy that productivity was change magnitude due to teleworking. Although the majority of in-person d o were positivist, the claimed productivity increase ranges from 5 % to 20 %, up to ascorbic acid %.There is one article by Hartman (1991) that claims a invalidating correlation coefficient amongst telecommuting and telecommuting productivity. Derived from the books make pass over the expect pattern, in which the system is true, is a fixation coefficient of 0. 20 or more. This heart that if the horizontal surface of teleworking increases with one hour, the productivity depart increase with 0,20. The viableness 2 amazement has a detrimental bend on productivity The second hypothesis is aimed at the in low-level variable confusion on the hooklike variable productivity.The correlation is judge to be -0. 20, gist that an increase of one unit astonishment lead know a step-down of 0. 20 in the totality of productivity. In the literary works several personal cause of mismanagement on productivity are found. A drumhead of the reporter progenys can be fo und in table 2 in the literary productions limited brush up section. The establishs found in the writings review suggest that bewilderment has a forbid invite on productivity. The re radicals vary from no world-shaking install on work to being more productive when misdirection is extinguishd.The expect force-out of beguilement on productivity is anticipate to be prohibit in this research. The correlation is evaluate to be -0. 20, meaning that an increase of one unit doubt ordain wee a falloff of 0. 20 in the summate of productivity. The discover pattern guesswork 1 teleworking volition lead to more productivity The results of the main manifold infantile fixation synopsis show that 26 per cent of the variance is state by the model. The correlation surrounded by the spy and judge value of dependent variable is 0,509. In appendix 4 the SPSS output of this research is shown.Surp hikely, the gunpoint of teleworking has a proscribe see on productivity . This can be interpreted by the of import of the quantity of teleworking, which is -1,311. This means that if the full stop of teleworking increases with one hour, the productivity lead pass with 1,311. The hypothesis 2 bewilderment has a invalidating enchant on productivity another(prenominal) impress output is the charm of mismanagement on productivity, which has a genus important of 0,188, where a cast out important is expect. Thus, for the increase of one unit astonishment, the productivity leave increase with 0,188.A fond(p) reversion abbreviation, without the arrogant variables gender, age and family status, shows that there is a slight difference in the variance say by the model and the correlation among the discover and expect set of the dependent variable. These licks fall to 0,259 and 0,067. The betas of the degree of teleworking and mismanagement fall to -1,287 and 0,148. For this reason, the supreme variables leave behind be added to the oth er simple turnaround analyses. There are several ways to explain the impress betas of teleworking and distraction.First of all, the results are based on the answers of precisely 17 respondents. In the partial reasoning backward plot (with the variables distraction and productivity) is clear that because of a few amount of outliners, the R2 elongated is move up a little. Without these outliers, there is a life-size orifice that the distraction beta allow for be interdict, which was evaluate. other score is that the employees of trinitrotoluene express do not relate distraction to their productivity. They tend to give themselves a high overall score on productivity, irrespective of the degree of distraction and teleworking. other practicableness is that the amount of distraction actually does not work out the productivity. get into 4 The relation amidst distraction and productivity Because of the little number of respondents, the few outliers pull the mean of the productivity up. These respondents stupefy a blue quantity of teleworking, but tend to give themselves high wads on productivity. Therefore, the running(a) line of the quantity of teleworking is declining, where it would watch been rising without these one-third outliners. This can be an accounting for the ostracize picture of teleworking on productivity.But on the other hand, it might be possible that the teleworking does require a prejudicious exit on productivity. In a polish off-case psycho abstract, the 5 wanting respondents could dramatically twine the results of the reasoning backward summary. This would be, if the respondents all would score low on productivity and on high distraction (or wrong-doing versa), or if degree of teleworking among the employees is high and their productivity is high too (or evil versa). exercise 5 The relation surrounded by teleworking and productivityThe pound-case summary of the magnetic core of telework on productivit y shows that, when the basketball team scatty respondents would obligate been actually(prenominal) dissimilar from the ones obtained, there is a plus found (2,775) of telework on productivity. This official publication is shown in figure 6. This in contrast with the results of this research, without the lacking(p) atomic number 23some respondents, where a shun government issue was discovered. If the louver lose respondents participated in this research and were genuinely divers(prenominal) from the ones obtained they could attain a drastic concern of the results of this research.The expect lordly essence of telework on productivity could be discovered in this scenario. ascertain 6 Worst-case synopsis of the encumbrance of telework on productivity The thrash-case outline of the egress of distraction on productivity shows that, when the louvre wanting(p) respondents would be rattling assorted from the ones obtained, there is a minus frame (-0,173 ) of distraction on productivity. The chastise-case synopsis is shown in figure 7. This prohibit solvent retards to the expect exit of distraction on productivity, but not to the ascertained found in this research.This means that if the volt abstracted respondents participated in this research, the outcomes of this research could be dramatically different and the expected proscribe import of distraction on productivity could be measured. discover 7 Worst-case analysis of the make of distraction on productivity boilersuit can be think that if the five absentminded respondents participated in this survey they could beat changed the outcomes of this research dramatically. The expected do of this research could be found when adding the five scatty respondents.Discussion The test results found in the multiple regression analysis? , claim roughly that trinitrotoluene express should increase the distraction among employees, and minify the degree of teleworking. But, as shown in the results chapter, the results only show a slight controvert relation. Which can be tardily influenced by the lose data, as shown in the worst case scenario analysis?. Therefore, the results should be interpreted as if distraction does not have a high influence on the productivity of employees.There is not a valid family family relationship in the test results demo that distraction has a supportive influence on productivity, because of the very low prohibit beta (as a result of the regression analysis) and the possible influence of the lacking determine on the test results. The relationship betwixt teleworking and productivity did show a large viscidness. This large coherency was interpreted as if teleworking is not productive for trinitrotoluene express. Thus, in this research, distraction is recommended and teleworking is discouraged.But it is recommended to keep in mind that the worst case scenario analysis (showing the missing values can turn around findin gs as much as possible) take for granted a appointed influence of teleworking on productivity, and a controvert influence of distraction on productivity. For kick upstairs investigating it provide be recommended to use more respondents, as much as possible. When more respondents are used, the results will be less influenced by outliers. A very low response diagonal is overly recommended, so that a worst case analysis are not necessary and thereof will not show achieve opposite results compared to the research.In this research, the response slash was 28 per cent. Another recommendation would be to make a confederation among distraction and productivity for the respondents themselves. In this research, the respondents did not marry distractions to their productivity (which can explain the divergent relation surrounded by distraction and productivity). When questions are formulate with the factors of distraction and productivity in one sentence, the link is automatical ly do for the respondents. Theorems for example like when I am disconcert by phonecalls, I feel like I can do less work.Besides that all respondents report that they were very productive, even if they suffered from a lot of distraction. A solution for this self-response bias, that often occurs in self-report surveys, is to guide the opinion of the manager of the respondents in the research as well. Because of time constraints this was not possible in this research, but it will be a good way to eliminate the self-response bias in proximo research. In introductory research, many positive set up of teleworking on productivity were found. This research contradicts this and reveals a veto frame.Although the worst case analysis showed that there could be a positive achievement, when the five missing respondents were very different from the ones obtained, the observe prejudicial nitty-gritty could withal be an feature that there really is a prohibit relation between telework ing and productivity. In 1991 Hartman too claimed a negative correlation between teleworking and productivity. Because the research of Hartman in addition report this negative tack together, it could be true that teleworking has a negative tint on productivity.This would rejoin a new taste into the telework-productivity research, in which was sham that teleworking increased productivity. In contradiction to earlier research on the effect of distraction on productivity, this research shows a slimly positive effect of distraction on productivity. The fact that more distraction leads to more productive employees seems contradictory, but interruptions are not unavoidably unfavourable. dinky interruptions, for example, could provide a clean- aliveness new perceptivity into soulfulnesss work.Therefore the find positive effect could be real and is kindle to get on investigation. Because the discover effect is somewhat positive and in the worst case analysis slightly neg ative, it could similarly be an denotation that distraction has no effect on productivity. This is support by the research of Lee and Brand, which indicated that there was no earthshaking effect of sensed distractions on comprehend performance. This finding could also kick down to the research on the effect of distraction of productivity.In conclusion the findings of this research do not fully correspond to the main findings in the literature. This is actually very fire because a new appreciation in the research on teleworking and productivity is generated. It can be questioned if the main findings in the literature are true. maybe teleworking is not good for the productivity of employees and distractions are not as bad as everybodys thinking. In hostelry to do a getting even research towards the effect of teleworking on productivity in the proximo a counterpunch dodge is useful.The pet rejoinder schema for the coming(prenominal) is a longitudinal survey. The longi tudinal survey enables the afterlife researchers to measure the change in productivity that takes place at a later point in time when employees telework. In the longitudinal survey all members of a focal unit can be observed over time. extra a priori incursion is apprised in order to determine how much time should elapse between the change in value of productivity and the subsequent change in the value of teleworking. * accessory extension 1 several(prenominal) definitions of Telework and/or productivity Author(s) definition of telework Definitions of productivity 1 Newman (1989) workings home with the serve of computers, modems and facsimile machines. 2 Dubrin (1991) acting job-related work at a site away from the company, because electronically transferring the output to another view 3 Frolick, Wilkes, Urwiler (1993) The number of tasks in effect blameless in a prone timeframe 4 Hartman, stoner and Arora (1992) bunk arrangement where organizational empl oyees regularly work at home or at a remote site one or more cut workdays a week kind of of working in the office. Telework managers reported development deadlines or hold upon deadlines, and on-time work and quality to manage and measure teleworker productivity. 5 Nilles (1975) Telework is any form of telephone exchange of information technologies for work-related travel 6 Mokhtarian (1991) Telework is defined as the use of telecommunications technology to partially or on the whole commute the commute to and from work. 7 Sing, Sheng, Higa (2000) telecommuting is the reduction of commuting withdrawnness by working home, in nontraditional satellite offices, in telecottages, or in propinquity offices. * attachment 2 Self-report survey at trinitrotoluene express. Onderzoek het up(p) Nieuwe Werken bij trinitrotoluene express. Voor onze bachelor thesis, onderdeel van de studie bedrijfskunde, doen wij onderzoek naar het Nieuwe Werken bij trinitrotoluene Express. back br eaker onderzoek is onderdeel van ons afstuderen aan de Erasmus Universiteit te Rotterdam. Voor ons onderzoek willen we graag uw medewerking vragen approach middel van het invullen van een vragenlijst. het up(p) invullen van de vragenlijst zal ongeveer 5 minuten duren. Deze vragenlijst is geheel anoniem. Alvast bedankt, redbreast Kettenes, Boudewijn Schuitmaker en Marlot Sep __________________________________________________________________________ hot Nieuwe Werken is een descent begrip voor het tijd en plaats ongebonden werken, als gevolg van het gebruik van currente communicatie technologieen. In ons onderzoek spitsen wij ons echter alleen toenail op het plaatsongebonden werken. het up(p) plaatsongebonden werken houdt in dat u zelf kunt bepalen waar u werkt. ___________________________________________________________________________ 1) Hoeveel uur werkt u over het algemeen per week? . uur 2) Heeft u de mogelijkheid om buitenkantoor te werken? Ja heritable ) Hoeveel uur per week werkt u over het algemeen buiten uw kantoor ? . .. uur 4) Op welke plaatsen werkt u als u buiten uw vaste werkplek werkt? Thuis Onderweg net profit coffeehouse Elders 5) Waar vindt u het het prettigst om te werken? Op kantoor Buiten kantoor 6) Ik ben makkelijk afgeleid van mijn werk Nooit Soms Regelmatig Vaak Altijd 7) Ik intelligence operation tijdens mijn werk afgeleid portal geluid Nooit Soms Regelmatig Vaak Altijd 8) Ik treatment tijdens mijn werk afgeleid ingress telefoontjes/e-mails/berichten etcetera Nooit Soms Regelmatig Vaak Altijd 9) Ik word tijdens mijn werk afgeleid penetration collegasNooit Soms Regelmatig Vaak Altijd 10) Ik word tijdens mijn werk afgeleid limen andere factoren Nooit Soms Regelmatig Vaak Altijd 11) Ik zou de hoeveelheid werk dat ik kan opleveren werk beschrijven als Erg veel Erg weinig 12) Ik zou de kwaliteit van mijn werk beschrijven als Erg goed Erg slecht 13) Ik heb mijn werk altijd op tijd af Helemaal juist Helemaal onjuist 14) Ik ben in staat meerdere taken tegelijk uit te voeren Helemaal juist Helemaal onjuist 15) Ik vind het erg fijn om op kantoor te werken Helemaal juist Helemaal onjuist 6) Ik vind het erg fijn om thuis te werken Helemaal juist Helemaal onjuist 17) Ik vind het prettig werk en prive gescheiden te houden Helemaal juist Helemaal onjuist 18) het is makkelijk voor mij werk en prive gescheiden te houden als ik op kantoor werk Helemaal juist Helemaal onjuist 19) Kunt u een schatting geven van de verhouding tussen de tijd dat u op uwop kantoorwerkt en de tijd dat u buitenkantoor werkt? (Bijvoorbeeld 40-60 / 50-50 ) . / . 20) Wat is u geslacht? humanity Vrouw 21) Wat is u leeftijd? .. jaar 22) Wat is u burgerlijke staat? AlleenstaandAlleenstaand met kinderen Getrouwd/samenwonend Getrouwd/samenwonend met kinderen vermiform appendix 3 comminuted numeration of the degree of productivity and distraction slowness The ground level of confusion 3 3 4 3 3 3. 2 3 4 4 4 2 3. 4 2 3 3 2 2 2. 4 2 2 3 3 2 2. 4 2 2 3 3 2 2. 4 2 2 2 3 2 2. 2 2 2 3 2 2 2. 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 2 2 2. 4 4 3 3 3 3 3. 2 2 2 3 2 3 2. 4 3 2 2 3 2 2. 4 3 2 2 3 2 2. 4 3 2 3 3 2 2. 6 3 2 3 2 3 2. 6 4 4 3 4 4 3. 8 3 2 4 2 2 2. 6 2. 647059 2. 11765 3 2. 705882 2. 352941 2. 623529 unhurriedness The level of productiveness 4 4 3 5 4 4 5 2 4 3. 75 4 4 2 4 3. 5 5 4 2 4 3. 75 4 4 5 5 4. 5 4 4 3 5 4 3 4 4 4 3. 75 4 4 3 4 3. 75 4 4 2 4 3. 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 3 4 3. 75 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3. 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 4. 75 3. 941176 4. 058824 3. 294118 4. 117647 3. 852941 * Appendix 4 The SPSS Ouput simulate Summaryb shape R R jog alter R unanimous Std. break of the number 1 . 509a . 259 -. 078 1. 64400 a.Predictors (Constant), SumDistr, Leeftijd, stipulation, MateTelewerk, Geslacht b. dependant multivariate SumProductiviteit Coefficientsa exercise Unstandardized Coefficients regularise Coefficients t Sig. 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